朝鮮危機 Crisis on the Korean Peninsula 
二十世紀九十年代初，美國根據衛星資料懷疑朝鮮開發核武器，引發了第一次朝鮮半島核危機。2002年10月，美國指控朝鮮正在開發核武器，朝鮮則表示，朝鮮「有權開發核武器和比核武器更厲害的武器」，由此，朝鮮半島核危機再度爆發。2003年1月10日，朝鮮宣布退出《不擴散核武器條約》。2006年7月5日，朝鮮試射了多枚導彈。聯合國安理會於15日通過第1695號決議，對朝鮮導彈試射表示嚴重關切和譴責，要求朝鮮重新作出暫停導彈試驗的承諾。朝鮮隨後表示將不受這項決議的任何約束。2006年10月3日，朝鮮發表聲明，宣布朝鮮將在科學研究領域進行核子試驗。聯合國安理會6日發表主席聲明，要求朝鮮取消計劃中的核子試驗，並警告如果無視國際社會勸阻堅持進行核子試驗，安理會將採取進一步行動。10月9日，朝鮮宣布成功地進行了一次地下核子試驗，引起國際社會極大的關注。
The first crisis on the Korean Peninsula broke out in the early 1990s when the US satellite imagery suggested North Korea was developing nuclear weapons. The crisis escalated in October 2002 when the US accused North Korea of developing nuclear weapons, and North Korea insisted that she had the right to develop nuclear weapons or any weapons more powerful than that. On 10 January 2003, several months after the incident, North Korea announced withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (《不擴散核武器條約》). On 5 July 2006, North Korea test-launched a series of ballistic missiles, and the UN Security Council passed unanimously the resolution 1695 on the 15th day the same month which expressed grave concern at the multiple launches, condemned such an action, and demanded that the country re-establish her commitments to a moratorium on missile launching. However, North Korea maintained that she was not bound by resolution of this nature, and she took a further step on 3 October the same year by announcing that she was about to conduct nuclear tests in the field of scientific research. The UN Security Council promptly responded by issuing a presidential statement on 6 October 2006 which urged the country not to undertake such a test, and warned that further action would be taken if the country ignored calls of the international community. Instead of halting the test, North Korea announced on 9 October 2006 that she had successfully conducted an underground nuclear test.
南義和團起事 The Boxer Uprising (1900年)
在中國的漢人對列強的侵略感到羞辱，終於在1900年爆發排外的暴力事件，史稱「義和團起事」，他們高呼「扶清滅洋」的口號，攻擊外國人、傳教士和中國的信眾。後被歐洲列強組成的八國聯軍剷除。
As the Chinese felt humiliated by the foreign invasion, the anti-foreign violence thus broke out in 1900, known as the Boxer Uprising. The Boxers adopted the slogan 'protect the Qing, destroy the foreigners' and attacked foreigners, missionaries and Chinese converts. Eventually the Boxers were suppressed by the Eight Power Expedition formed by European powers.
晚清改革 Late Qing Reforms (1901-11年)
晚清時期，國家面對內憂外患，滿清政府遂於1901年推行一系列的改革措施，稱為「晚清改革」。不過，由於改革來得太晚，且缺乏有能力的領導者，加上改革的推行只為安撫民眾以延續滿清的統治，完全缺乏誠意，因而失敗告終。
During the late Qing period, China faced internal instability and external invasion. The Qing government thus carried out a series of reform measures in 1901, known as the Late Qing Reforms. However, the reforms failed because it came too late and there were no capable leaders. Moreover, the reforms were only carried out to prolong the Qing rule with no sincerity.
辛亥革命 1911 Revolution (1911年)
武昌起義於1911年10月10日爆發，史稱「辛亥革命」或「雙十革命」，由於清政府總督及將領的逃亡，使革命得以成功。1912年1月1日，中華民國在南京成立。
The Wuchang Uprising broke out on 10th October 1911, known as the 1911 Revolution or Double Tenth Revolution. The Revolution was a success due to the exile of Qing officials. On 1st January 1912, the Republic of China was established in Nanjing.
五四運動 May Fourth Movement (1919年)
北京學生及民眾對於各國在巴黎和會中，竟准許日本奪取德國在山東的利益而表示不滿，於是在1919 年5月4日組織大規模的反日示威，即「五四運動」。五四運動是中國民族主義運動的序幕。
Students and the general public in Beijing were dissatisfied with the settlement in Paris Peace Conference, in which Japan was allowed to get Germany's interest in Shandong. They organized a large-scale protest against Japan on 4th May 1919, known as the May Fourth Incident, which started the movement of nationalism in China.
中國共產黨的成立 Establishment of the Communist Party of China (1921年)
在1916年袁世凱逝世後，中國被割據的軍閥和西方列強壓榨得虛弱不堪，激發了民族主義的崛起，支持共產主義的人士都相信反對資本主義及帝國主義能解決中國的問題。結果，中國共產黨於1921年在上海成立，陳獨秀當選為黨總書記。
Owing to the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916, the warlords and the deprivation of Western powers, China saw a rise in nationalism. People supporting the CPC believed that anti-capitalism and anti-imperialism helped solve the problems of China. The CPC was therefore formed in 1921, Chen Duxiu was elected general secretary of the party.
第一次國共合作 First United Front (1924-27年)
縱然國共兩黨的目標不一致，由於兩黨各自本身力量不足，及兩者都想制衡蘇聯在中國的影響力，故此，國共兩黨於1924年正式宣佈合作：中共黨員同意協助國民黨重組，並以個人名義而非共產黨員身份加入國民黨。
Although the objectives of the two parties were different, both the CPC and
GMD wanted to cooperate in order to check the influence of the Soviet
Union on China. Therefore, the GMD-CPC cooperation was formally
proclaimed in 1924. The Chinese communist agreed to assist the GMD in its
reorganization. They were to join the GMD as individuals rather than as
Communists.
共產黨的重組 Reorganization of the Communists (1927-34年)
1927 年4月，國民黨的蔣介石突擊上海的共產黨人，300名共產黨人遭處決，第一次國共合作破裂後，毛澤東及朱德在井崗山重組共產黨員，並成立了紅軍。
In April 1927，Jiang Jieshi of the GMD led a sudden attack on the Communists in Shanghai. More than 300 Communists were executed. After the collapse of the First United Front, Mao Zedong and Zhu De fled to Jinggangshan to regroup the Communists there. The Chinese Red Army was also formed.
長征 Long March (1934-35年)
國民黨的蔣介石決意把共產黨黨員斬草除根，為了避免給國民黨連根拔起，及北上抗日，共產黨決定分批突圍，由瑞金向西北進發，1934 年10月，約10萬人踏上了「長征」之路，長征期間，共產黨不斷傳播共產主義思想。
Jiang Jieshi of the GMD was determined to exterminate the Communists. To avoid total destruction by the GMD and to defend China against the Japanese, the Communists decided to go westward from Ruijin. About 100,000 people went on the Long March in October 1934. The Communists continued to spread their ideas of communism during the Long March.
新生活運動 New Life Movement (1934年)
運動由南京政府於1934年發起，旨在改進中國人的精神面貌，強調人民要養成衛生、迅速、真誠、禮貌、忠心和對公眾服務投入的美德，以中華民族傳統的美德「禮、義、廉、恥」為基準，運動加強了民族意識，對當時要抵抗日本的侵略有一定的幫助。
The Nanjing government started the New Life Movement in 1934 to promote
a spiritual awakening among the Chinese. The movement stressed
promptness, truthfulness, courtesy, loyalty, hygiene, devotion to public
services and the four traditional virtues of politeness, righteousness, integrity
and self-respect. The movement strengthened a sense of national unity and
was conducive to the fight against Japanese invasion.
第二次國共合作 The Second United Front (1937-45年)
自1937年起，日軍佔領滿州省，雖然如此，但蔣介石對日軍卻採取不抵抗的態度，認為共產黨才是真正的敵人；直至「西安事變」的發生，張學良及楊虎城實行兵諫，迫蔣介石聯共抗日，蔣介石最終於1937年初期同意國共兩黨實行第二次合作，對抗日軍。
In 1931, the Japanese seized the northern provinces of Manchuria. However,
Jiang did little to stop the Japanese because he regarded the Communists as a
greater threat. It was not until the Xian Incident that Zhang Xueliang and
Yang Hucheng kidnapped Jiang and forced him to form a united front against
the Japanese. In early 1937, Jiang finally agreed to the Second United Front
against the Japanese.
國共內戰 Chinese Civil War (1946-49年)
1945 年，第二次中日戰爭結束，日本的戰敗觸發國共兩黨爭奪日本佔領區。1945年12月，國共之間爆發零星衝突，美國遂派遣馬歇爾將軍到中國協助兩黨和解，可惜由於雙方的互不信任，停火協議於1946年6月宣告失效，中國全面爆發內戰。
After the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Japan's defeat set off
a race between the Nationalists and Communists for formerly
Japanese-occupied territory. In December 1945, piecemeal fightings between
the two sides began. The United States thus sent General Marshall to mediate
between two parties. The two sides initially agreed to a truce, yet since
neither side trusted the other, the truce collapsed in July 1946. Civil war then
broke out.
中華人民共和國成立 Establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949年)
在1946至1949年間，國民黨及共產黨內戰，共產黨的人民解放軍於1949年4月佔據南京，同年10月，毛澤東在北京宣布中華人民共和國正式成立。
Between 1946 and 1949, there was a civil war between the Nationalist Party and Communist Party. The People's Liberation Army of the Communist Party occupied Nanjing in April 1949. In October the same year, Mao Zedong declared the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
土地改革 Land Reforms (1950-52年)
1950年，毛澤東頒行了《土地改革法》，將從地主手上沒收到的土地重新分配給每個農民，結果有3億個無地農民獲得土地分配，1952年，穀物生產量更攀到新高，土地改革初步取得成效。
In 1950，Mao Zedong promulgated the Land Reform Law. The land taken from the landlords was redistributed to the peasants. Eventually 300 million landless peasants were given land. In 1952, grain production climbed to a record height.
農業集體化 Agricultural collectivization (1952-56年)
土地經過重新分配後，農民擁有的土地不多，而且他們仍然採用落後的
農耕方法，為了避免飢荒，政府實行農業集體化，以增加產量。
Even after the land redistribution, the peasants did not have much land and they still used their old-fashioned farming methods. In order to avoid famine, the government began the agricultural collectivization to increase production.
三面紅旗運動 Three Red Banners Movement (1958年)
毛澤東在「第二個五年計劃」(1958-62年)進行期間，發動了「三面紅旗」運動，務求動員人民在短期內增加農業及工業的產量。「三面紅旗」就是指「總路線」、「大躍進」及「人民公社」。
Mao Zedong started the 'Three Red Banners' movement during the Second Five-Year Plan (1958-62), to mobilize people to increase agricultural and industrial output in a short time. The 'Three Red Banners' means the 'General Line for Socialist Construction', 'Great Leap Forward' and 'People's Communes'.
大躍進 Great Leap Forward (1958-60年)
1958年中期，毛澤東推行了「大躍進」運動，這是一場以農民及工人為基礎的革命，其目的是要動員中國6億人口，克服經濟能力不足的限制。政府希望運動能為農村及市鎮帶來社會主義的新模式。
In mid-1958, Mao launched the 'Great Leap Forward' campaign, which was a revolution based on the masses of peasants and workers. The campaign was to mobilize China's entire 600 million population to overcome the limitations of economic scarcity. It was hoped that such a great leap would bring a new form of socialism to the countryside and the towns.
人民公社 People's Communes (1958-84年)
人民公社是由合作社合併而成的超級合作社，由50至60個農村組成，平均有2、3萬至7、8萬人口，他們負責種植農作物、建築堤壩、紡織及其他本地工業，又建設學校、醫院、商店及機械維修店，達到自給自足，政府的目的是要加快社會主義的建設步伐。
Cooperatives were merged into super-cooperatives called communes, which were groups of 50 to 60 villages, each with a combined population of about 20,000 to 30,000 people on average. The communes were responsible for growing agricultural products, building dams, weaving cloth and running many local industries. They also build their own schools, hospitals, stores and machine shops. In other words, a commune was expected to become self-sufficient, while the government aimed to accelerate the building of socialism.
文化大革命 Cultural Revolution (1966-76年)
文化大革命是由毛澤東於1966年發起的一場新的大規模運動，毛澤東不同意黨中人認為要讓精英階級冒起，因他認為這有違共產主義的原則；他主張建立一個人人平等的共產社會，故組織民眾成為「紅衛兵」，以暴虐的手段批鬥及侮辱在上位者。
It was a new super-campaign launched by Mao Zedong in 1966. He disagreed with the rise of elite classes because this is incompatible with the principles of communism. Mao suggested to build a communist society in which everyone is equal, so he formed the Red Guards to denounce and humiliate their seniors.
林彪事件與「四人幫」的倒台 Lin Biao incident and the collapse of the 'Gang of Four' (1969年)
1969年，林彪被點名為毛澤東的正式接班人。兩年後，他計劃發動政變失敗，在試圖逃亡蘇聯時，因飛機失事而身亡。毛澤東於1976年9月逝世後，四人幫（包括毛妻江青及來自上海黨羽的王洪文、張春橋、姚文元）試圖奪權，但華國鋒與其他領導人卻採取聯合行動，將他們逮捕。
In 1969, Lin was designated as Mao's official successor. Two years later, he
tried to overthrow through a coup detat but failed. He was eventually killed
in a plane crash while trying to escape to the Soviet Union. After the death of
Mao in September 1976, the Gang of Four (Mao's wife Jiang Qing and her
three allies from Shanghai including Wang Hongwen, Zhang Chunqiao and
Yao Wenyuan) tried to take control of the government and seize the power.
However, Hua and other leaders united to have them arrested.
蘇聯入侵阿富汗 Soviet's invasion of Afghanistan (1979年)
1979年，蘇聯派軍進駐阿富汗，協助親蘇政府對抗反蘇及親伊斯蘭叛亂分子，美國警告蘇聯不要侵略阿富汗，原因是惟恐蘇聯會對中東產油國家構成威脅，當蘇聯入侵阿富汗後，東西方的關係惡化，形成「第二次冷戰」。
In 1979, the Soviet government sent troops to Afghanistan to help the unpopular pro-Soviet communist government fight against the anti-communist, pro-Muslim rebels. The United States had warned the Soviet Union not to invade Afghanistan, because she was afraid that the Soviet invasion might pose a threat to the oil-supplying states in the Middle East. Relations between the East and West turned bad after the invasion of Afghanistan, leading to the Second Cold War.
蘇聯瓦解 Collapse of the USSR (1991年)
1991年8月，葉利欽領導強硬共產黨員及軍官，對付戈巴卓夫政府，他要求戈巴卓夫簽訂法令，廢除共產黨對「蘇維埃主權國家聯盟」的控制權，另外，俄羅斯和其他共和國亦同意成立「獨立國家聯邦」，不過，3個波羅的海共和國及喬治亞卻仍沒有被納入該組織，它們反繼而建立起新的國家，蘇聯終於被瓦解。
In August 1991, Yeltsin led the resistance force against the attempt made by
some hard-line communists and army officers to remove Gorbachev and his
government. Yeltsin demanded that Gorbachev sign a decree abolishing the
Communist Party's control of the USSR. Moreover, Russia and other
republics agreed to create a new organization called the Commonwealth of
Independent States. However, the three Baltic republics and Georgia, that
remained outside the new organization, formed new states. The Soviet Union
was finally broken up. |
